动态PyPI包管理：在PyInstaller打包应用中实现运行时安装

import sys
import pip

def install_package_via_pip_module(package_name: str) -> bool:
    """
    通过直接调用pip模块来安装指定的PyPI包。
    注意：此方法会修改sys.argv，建议在使用前后进行保存和恢复。
    """
    original_argv = sys.argv[:] # 保存原始sys.argv
    try:
        # 模拟命令行调用pip install package_name
        sys.argv = ['pip', 'install', package_name]
        # pip.main()会处理安装过程
        exit_code = pip.main()
        if exit_code == 0:
            print(f"成功通过pip模块安装包: {package_name}")
            return True
        else:
            print(f"通过pip模块安装包失败: {package_name} (退出码: {exit_code})")
            return False
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"安装包 {package_name} 时发生异常: {e}")
        return False
    finally:
        sys.argv = original_argv # 恢复原始sys.argv

# 示例：在PyInstaller打包应用中安装 'requests' 包
if __name__ == "__main__":
    if install_package_via_pip_module("requests"):
        try:
            import requests
            print("requests 包已成功导入。")
        except ImportError:
            print("requests 包导入失败，可能需要重启应用或刷新sys.path。")

import sys
import subprocess

def install_package_via_subprocess(package_name: str) -> bool:
    """
    通过subprocess模块调用pip来安装指定的PyPI包。
    使用sys.executable确保pip在当前Python环境中运行。
    """
    try:
        # 构建pip安装命令
        command = [sys.executable, '-m', 'pip', 'install', package_name]

        # 执行命令并捕获输出
        # check=True 会在命令返回非零退出码时抛出CalledProcessError
        result = subprocess.run(
            command,
            capture_output=True, # 捕获标准输出和标准错误
            text=True,           # 将输出解码为文本
            check=True           # 检查命令是否成功执行
        )

        print(f"成功通过subprocess安装包: {package_name}")
        print("STDOUT:\n", result.stdout)
        if result.stderr:
            print("STDERR:\n", result.stderr) # pip有时会将警告输出到stderr
        return True
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
        print(f"通过subprocess安装包失败: {package_name}")
        print("命令:", e.cmd)
        print("退出码:", e.returncode)
        print("STDOUT:\n", e.stdout)
        print("STDERR:\n", e.stderr)
        return False
    except FileNotFoundError:
        print(f"错误：找不到Python解释器或pip。请确保 {sys.executable} 有效。")
        return False
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"安装包 {package_name} 时发生未知异常: {e}")
        return False

# 示例：在PyInstaller打包应用中安装 'numpy' 包
if __name__ == "__main__":
    if install_package_via_subprocess("numpy"):
        try:
            import numpy
            print("numpy 包已成功导入。")
        except ImportError:
            print("numpy 包导入失败，可能需要重启应用或刷新sys.path。")