'2016-06-17'.replace(/(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})/g,'$1年-$2月-$3日')
"2016年-06月-17日";

套用到你的上面：

var DATA = '[{"status": "IN_PROGRESS", "loan_limited": "5个月", "load_no": "123131231", "payed": "1个月", "amount": 15000, "loan_time": "2016-06-17"}, {"status": "DONE", "loan_limited": "1个月", "load_no": "123131123131231", "payed": "1个月", "amount": 15000, "loan_time": "2016-05-17"}, {"status": "IN_PROGRESS", "loan_limited": "5个月", "load_no": "123131231231", "payed": "1个月", "amount": 25000, "loan_time": "2016-06-10"}]';

DATA=DATA.replace(/(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})/g, '$1年-$2月-$3日');
//"[{"status": "IN_PROGRESS", "loan_limited": "5个月", "load_no": "123131231", "payed": "1个月", "amount": 15000, "loan_time": "2016年-06月-17日"}, {"status": "DONE", "loan_limited": "1个月", "load_no": "123131123131231", "payed": "1个月", "amount": 15000, "loan_time": "2016年-05月-17日"}, {"status": "IN_PROGRESS", "loan_limited": "5个月", "load_no": "123131231231", "payed": "1个月", "amount": 25000, "loan_time": "2016年-06月-10日"}]"

用已有的库来处理最好。或者写个类似的函数来处理：

function convertDate(s) {
    let d = new Date(s);
    let month = "0" + (d.getMonth() + 1);
    let day = "0" + d.getDate();
    return d.getFullYear() + "年" + month.substring(month.length - 2) + "月" + day.substring(day.length - 2) + "日";
}

console.log(convertDate("2016-01-02"));
console.log(convertDate("2016-1-22"));
console.log(convertDate("2016-11-2"));

我们是用moment.js来处理时间格式的